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树莓派3开无线热点变身为智能无线网关（IPv4+IPv6）


无线上六维不是梦，折腾了两天终于终于弄好了～撒花～
这个暑假一直在外实习，回到学校发现实验室已经没有了我的位置。。悲催的被赶到另一个实验楼，这个实验楼主要放的是各种服务器，因此IP比较紧张，以前我自带一个交换机，IP地址随便用，而且都是有线，IPv6默认都可以用，但这边我只分得一根网线，只有一个固定的IPv4的IP，倒是IPv6没有限制（不过后来测试发现还是有些限制）。对于我这么多设备根本不够用嘛。正好看到树莓派3上市了，自带wifi，CPU升级到A53，是服务器级的U了，立刻买了一个回来，当作我的网关。这里我用树莓派搭的其实是一个NAT的路由器，把WAN的ipv4和ipv6都共享给内网LAN,由于是在学校，我的IPv4的地址是固定的，而IPv6的地址动态分配（前缀是固定的），所以不要盲目跟着教程做。这里使用的树莓派是3代树莓派，系统是2016-09-23的raspbian jessie，板载wifi，不需要考虑驱动的问题，如果不是，那么先自行解决驱动问题，这里WAN外网是eth0，LAN内网是无线wlan0，如果接口不一致请自行替换，后面不再做解释。

准备工作

整个过程分为两步，先开IPv4的热点access point，再共享IPv6的热点access point，热点都不是采用bridge方式进行的连接。

固定IP(IPv4)

后面的树莓派默认使用dhcpcd进行ip的配置，因此网上好多关于配置树莓派固定IP的方法都是有点问题（很早的时候是配置/etc/network/interfaces），我们现在配置dhcpcd的配置文件进行固定IP的配置,打开配置文件/etc/dhcpcd.conf


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sudo vim /etc/dhcpcd.conf

里面内容不少，感兴趣可以查一下，这里直接拖到最下，根据自己的情况加入下面的内容


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interface eth0



static ip_address=211.187.224.79/24



static routers=211.187.224.16



static domain_name_servers=114.114.114.114

其中ip_address后面接的是CIDR格式的ip地址，/24是指的netmask是255.255.255.0，地址根据自己的情况填一下即可。
重启就可以上网了。ping一下外网看一下是不是已经通了，IPv6是用ping6。

配置IPv4热点access point

这里使用的是NAT转发
先装依赖


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sudo apt-get install dnsmasq hostapd

之所以使用dnsmasq是因为配置简单，而hostapd是必不可少的虚拟热点的程序，hostapd对ipv4和ipv6都支持。
配置的时候要给我们的wlan0一个固定的内网IP，再次编辑我们的dhcpcd.conf,在最后接上下面的内容


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interface wlan0



static ip_address=10.0.0.1/24

继续配置dnsmasq，在/etc/dnsmasq.conf的最后加上下面一段（此文件内容很多，但都被注释掉了）


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interface=wlan0



dhcp-range=10.0.0.2,10.0.0.5,255.255.255.0,12h

编辑/etc/hostapd/hostapd.conf文件（新文件），加上下面的内容


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interface=wlan0



hw_mode=g



channel=10



auth_algs=1



wpa=2



wpa_key_mgmt=WPA-PSK



wpa_pairwise=CCMP



rsn_pairwise=CCMP



wpa_passphrase=密码



ssid=名称

把密码和名称替换成自己想设置的就可以了。接着修改/etc/sysctl.conf文件，找到下面一行去掉#


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net.ipv4.ip_forward=1

继续，更新下iptables的规则：


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sudo iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE



sudo iptables -A FORWARD -i eth0 -o wlan0 -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT



sudo iptables -A FORWARD -i wlan0 -o eth0 -j ACCEPT







sudo sh -c "iptables-save > /etc/iptables.ipv4.nat"

最后一句的目的是将我们执行的三句iptable设置保存下来，以后能直接使用，我们保存到了/etc/iptables.ipv4.nat位置。编辑/etc/network/interfaces，最后加上下面这句话，每次开机都会配置好iptables的内容了


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up iptables-restore < /etc/iptables.ipv4.nat

既然打开这个文件了，可以把上面的几句wlan的interface注释一下，反正这些话也没用了，即变成这样：


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allow-hotplug wlan0



iface wlan0 inet manual



#    wpa-conf /etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf







#allow-hotplug wlan1



#iface wlan1 inet manual



#    wpa-conf /etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf

为了能够每次开机自动运行hostapd，我们还要修改/etc/rc.local文件，在exit 0 前加上下面这句话


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hostapd -B /etc/hostapd/hostapd.conf & > /dev/null 2>&1

重启，就可以看到热点了。至此IPv4部分完成。
参考资料：
  1. 树莓派3内置WIFI无线路由器AP热点: https://item.congci.com/-/content/shu-mei-pai-3-neizhi-wifi-wuxian-luyouqi-ap-redian
  2. 这个文章还提到了桥接方式进行连接的方法: http://wangye.org/blog/archives/845/

配置IPv6热点access point

前面的配置方法网上一搜一大把，这里其实就是记录一下，真正花了我两天时间的是配置IPv6的无线热点。。类似IPv4的配置方法，这里主流配置有两种，一种是使用桥接把无线的IPv6流量转到有线的IPv6上，这种方法配置简单，但我用上后只能坚持几十秒，整个树莓派就再也不能上网，只能重启（非常怀疑学校里在配置了交换机，不让使用桥接），另一种就是我最后成功的使用radvd＋npd6+DHCPv6＋hostapd的这种NDP连接。
这里也写一下第一种方法，毕竟曾让我高兴了几十秒，本着记录为目的的话还是要记一下。两种方法只能选一种，强烈建议使用第二种方法

IPv6 桥接

编辑配置文件/etc/sysctl.conf，把下面一行的注释去掉


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net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding=1

用ifconfig看一下自己的ipv6的地址，注意Scope:Global的那个地址是你的IPv6外网地址，Scope:Link的那个地址应该是你的上级地址。我们这里只关注Global那一项，安装radvd


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sudo apt-get install radvd



vim /etc/radvd.conf



interface wlan0



{



AdvSendAdvert on;



prefix 2001:da8:7001:251::/64



{



AdvOnLink on;



AdvAutonomous on;



AdvRouterAddr on;



};



};

这里的2001:的地址就是我的Global那一项的地址
装bridge－utils和ebtables


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sudo apt-get install bridge-utils ebtables

在home下写个脚本ipv6_bridge.sh，内容如下


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#!/bin/sh



iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s 10.0.0.0/8 -o ppp0 -j MASQUERADE



echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv6/conf/all/forwarding



service radvd start



brctl addbr br0



ifconfig br0 up #启动网桥



brctl addif br0 eth0



brctl addif br0 wlan0 #桥接两块网卡



ebtables -t broute -A BROUTING -p ! ipv6 -j DROP #只允许ipv6包通过网桥

给他加上执行权限，重启后sudo执行就可以了


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chmod a+x ipv6_bridge.sh



sudo reboot



sudo ./ipv6_bridge.sh

这时候如果没有问题，那你就完成了IPv4 NAT转发，IPv6桥接的双栈无线热点。
参考资料：
  1. 树莓派扩展 IPv6无线路由配置(二) http://blog.csdn.net/lingjun_love_tech/article/details/41382625
  2. Linux 用作 IPv6 网关 https://bigeagle.me/2011/11/linux-as-ipv6-gateway/index.html
  3. 讨论这个的还是OpenWRT比较多，可以参考一下 http://www.openwrt.org.cn/bbs/thread-7116-1-1.html

IPv6 NDP IPv6

IPv6是没有NAT的，NAT对于我们是很熟悉，IPv6由于地址足够多，没有使用NAT技术，他用的是NDP( Neighbour Discovery Protocol 邻居发现协议), NDP有点类似NAT，在NDP协议中，内网的IPv6地址也是外网地址，可以向外发送请求，但不可再路由，这时就需要让具有外网地址的Router帮忙告诉它的上层Router，这些外网地址在这个Router的内网中。radvd就支持NDP，
先安装依赖


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sudo apt-get install radvd wide-dhcpv6-server

如果wide-dhcpv6-server提示转发interface，就写wlan0
编译安装npd6


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git clone https://github.com/npd6/npd6



cd npd6



make



sudo make install

首先我们先配置/etc/sysctl.conf，找到合适的地方加上下面两句


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net.ipv6.conf.all.proxy_ndp=1



net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding=1

用ifconfig看一下自己的ipv6的地址，注意Scope:Global的那个地址是你的IPv6外网地址，Scope:Link的那个地址应该是你的上级地址。
写一个脚本ndp_ipv6.sh 内容如下：


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#!/bin/sh



ip -6 addr del 2001:da8:7001:251:fe54:7ee0:6994:5fb7/64 dev eth0



ip -6 addr add 2001:da8:7001:251:fe54:7ee0:6994:5fb7/126 dev eth0



ip -6 addr add 2001:da8:7001:251:1::/80 dev wlan0



ip -6 route add default via fe80::f7ce:a905:9347:7144 dev eth0 metric 256



ip -6 route add 2001:da8:7001:251:1::/80 dev wlan0







service radvd restart



service npd6 restart

先解释下这个脚本，2001:da8:7001:251:fe54:7ee0:6994:5fb7是我的Global的IPv6地址，这个原样根据自己的地址修改，后面的/64和/126不要动（64可能要改成你查到的perfix长度，126是不能动的，防止错乱），2001:da8:7001:251:1::/80是内网分配的地址前缀，前四段跟Global的地址一样，后面随便加个数就可以，这里直接写1，接下来那个fe80开头的地址换成你的Link的那个地址，加上执行权限，脚本先放在这里。
配置radvd
编辑/etc/radvd.conf（可能是新文件），写入下面的内容：


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interface wlan0



{



AdvSendAdvert on;



AdvManagedFlag on;



AdvOtherConfigFlag on;



prefix 2001:da8:7001:251:1::/80 {



AdvRouterAddr off;



AdvOnLink on;



AdvAutonomous on;



};



};

注意上面的2001开头地址要换成你刚才设定好的内网地址。
配置npd6
npd6是邻居发现代理，编辑/etc/npd6.conf，写入下面的内容：


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prefix=2001:da8:7001:251:1:



interface = eth0



ralogging = off



listtype = none



listlogging = off



collectTargets = 100



linkOption = false



ignoreLocal = true



routerNA = true



maxHops = 255



pollErrorLimit = 20

注意2001开头那个地址还是要填你自己的内网地址。
配置DHCPv6
编辑文件/etc/wide-dhcpv6/dhcp6s.conf，写入下面的内容，


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interface wlan0{



address-pool pool1 86400;



};



pool pool1 {



range 2001:da8:7001:251:1::200 to 2001:da8:7001:251:1::300;



};

这是圈定了你的内网范围。好了，重启后sudo执行脚本ndp_ipv6.sh


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chmod a+x ndp_ipv6.sh



sudo ./ndp_ipv6.sh

当然完全可以让他开机自启动，编辑/etc/rc.local，在exit 0前加上


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/home/pi/ndp_ipv6.sh

参考资料：
  1. 从零开始,把Raspberry Pi打造成双栈11n无线路由器,支持教育网原生IPv6（原网址打不开了） https://hahaschool.net/tag/linux/
  2. Openwrt的一篇资料http://blog.martianz.cn/article/2013-05-27-openwrt-ipv6
  3. http://talk.withme.me/?p=51
至此ipv4+ipv6无线热点配置完成！经过一段时间测试，比较稳定，信号还是可以的，撒花～

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Interview with Steve Jobs, WGBH, 1990

Interviewer: what is it about this machine? Why is this machine so interesting? Why has it been so influential? Jobs: Ah ahm, I'll give you my point of view on it. I remember reading a magazine article a long time ago ah when I was ah twelve years ago maybe, in I think it was Scientific American . I'm not sure. And the article ahm proposed to measure the efficiency of locomotion for ah lots of species on planet earth to see which species was the most efficient at getting from point A to point B. Ah and they measured the kilocalories that each one expended. So ah they ranked them all and I remember that ahm...ah the Condor, Condor was the most efficient at [CLEARS THROAT] getting from point A to point B. And humankind, the crown of creation came in with a rather unimpressive showing about a third of the way down...
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