跳至主要内容

产品随想 | 读秦晖《走出帝制》:第一至第五章

 

第一章 ”演员“越来越清晰,”剧本“越来越模糊

  • 孙中山先生临终的遗嘱也说是“革命尚未成功,同志仍需努力”,可见革命后的现实的确是令人失望。如果把革命当作富国强兵的手段,革命后的民国年间显然没能实现这个目的。如果把革命当作制度的更替,那么帝制虽然废除,民主却未能建立,无论是军阀割据,还是一党专政,显然都大有违于辛亥时贤的初衷。当初的民主派固不待言,就是立宪派,乃至保皇派,也都既不希望看到军阀割据,也不希望看到一党专政的。
    ──秦晖老师,开篇正文第2页,就已扔下如此之言,读来酣畅淋漓!

  • 汉景帝:“食肉不食马肝,不为不知味;言学者无言汤武受命,不为愚”
    ──哈哈,你们文人别说了,谈谈风花雪月!谈谈现世安好!

  • 于是当时的人们就认真讨论了我们要引进的作为好东西的现代”政党“与传统时代的坏东西”会党“、
    ”朋党“有何区别。诸如政党是公民以政见认同为纽带的自由结社,会党是要宣誓效忠、贼船能上不能下的依附性组织;”朋党是专制政治的产物,政党是民主政治的产物“;政党只要求彼此政见相合,而会党则要求党员忠于党魁个人;政党是议院中”明目张胆主张国是者“,而朋党是”鼠伏狐媚以售其奸“的秘密组织;政党是多元的,”足以并立,而不能相灭“,朋党、会党则是倾轧无度、不共戴天、你死我活的;如此等等
    ──没想到100年前的先辈,已辨析如此之深,我等羞愧

  • 清末朝廷想搞的是”日本式立宪“,当然,这里指的不是战后日本那种保留了天皇的民主制,而是明治维新建立的”皇道“政体,就是明治时期那样把权力从诸侯(诸藩)那里收归中央,以强化天皇的权力,即所谓”大政奉还“”废藩置县“,在中国人看起来就像是”西化“形式下的一次”周秦之变“,即从”封建“变成真正的帝制,使天皇从类似中国古代周天子式的”虚君“变成秦始皇式拥有实权的”实君“。
    ──一针见血,清朝追求的其实只是个”立宪“壳子,假的

  • 正是立宪派与革命派加上中国传统的反对势力(会党、民变乃至朝廷内部尾大不掉的军阀政客之类)汇成大潮一齐“动蛮”,造成了清朝的垮台

第二章 ”改朝换代“与君主和平立宪的可能性问题 ──”封建“与帝制的比较

  • 后来立宪英国更是接连出了两个”外族王朝“,即源于德国的汉诺威王朝和萨克森-科堡-哥达王朝,当时”德国人“乔治一世国王因不会讲英语而不愿出席枢密院会议,形成惯例后使枢密院脱离国王干预而演变成后来的内阁。

  • 我们看看世界上成功通过君主立宪建立了现代政治的国家,无论是西方的英国、荷兰、瑞典、挪威等等,还是东方的日本、泰国,都有个共同特点,那就是它们历史上长期实行”封建制“,君主往往并不集权,却仍然稳定地得到臣民的尊敬。

  • 而那些历史上长期实行类似”秦制“的专制国家,从我们周围所谓”儒家文化圈“中的韩国、越南,直到”圈“外的沙俄、奥斯曼土耳其帝国、波斯、埃及等等,都没有走成君主立宪的道路。它们都是或者经过艰苦的努力最终走上了共和民主的宪政之路,或者在”共和“的外衣下实行极权制度,因而至今仍然面临民主化的问题。

  • 我们已经看到,在真实的传统中,国人之所以尊崇君主,与其说是基于对纲常名教的信仰,不如说主要是慑于”法术势“。

  • 所以我们的皇帝要么是”实君“,要么是命运悲惨的废君,而”虚君“比共和离”传统“更远。

  • 要之,法道互补形成了我国历史上的专制传统。而儒家价值并不支持虚君制,它除了导出众所周知的”贤君“、”王道“理念外,与共和的距离也并不比与君主立宪的距离大。
    ──法家让统治者治百姓;道家让百姓忍耐

  • 事实上,所谓”农民战争“导致改朝换代这种我国历史上屡见不鲜、几乎是周期性发生的事,不仅英国历史上闻所未闻,在所有”封建“的民族,包括我国传统时代实行”封建“制的傣族、藏族等少数民族地区,也从未有过。

  • 但有趣的是:俄国后期三百年里逐渐由“封建”向中央集权的沙皇专制演变,贵族政治没落,皇权官僚政治兴起,王室外的人们乃至平民以武力争夺皇权的”逐鹿中原“现象也随之发生。

  • 而在中国,从陈胜吴广到太平天国,外加安禄山、吴三桂者流,更不用说成功了的刘邦朱元璋等等,无论成王败寇,哪个不是”皇帝轮流做,如今到我家“?

  • 虽然有8/19政变、有1993年的炮打白宫事件,乃至车臣那样的局部战争,但是无论与沙俄帝国崩溃后死亡数百万的惨烈内战,还是与大清帝国垮台后的民初动乱相比,苏维埃帝国的解体后遗症应该说是轻的多。

  • 斯大林早年在流放土鲁汉斯克时就喜读马基雅维里的《君主论》,并在这本书上留下了”令人畏惧强于受人爱戴“,以及人的恶习只有”1.软弱,2.懒惰,3.愚蠢。其它一切(上面提到的除外)无疑都是美德“的批语。
    ──斯大林真是个可怕的人

第三章 为什么人们厌恶了帝制?

  • 今天流传甚广的麦迪森说法“鸦片战争前中国GDP占到世界的三分之一”我以为难以置信,但至少在明初以前,即马可波罗和郑和的时代,中国的王朝盛世要比当时的欧洲繁荣许多,则应该是不争的事实。

  • 中国秦以后历代王朝的寿命不但比“封建”时代的周“王朝”和欧洲、日本的宗主王系(不是dynasty)短很多,其"改朝换代"的巨大破坏性更几乎是人类历史上独有的。

  • 宋代的户、口比例,明代洪武后的“人口停滞”和清前朝的“人口爆炸”这三大谜都存在着严重的统计争议。

  • “天有万物与人,人无一物与天,鬼神明明,自思自量!”
    ──真是杀气腾腾!

  • 事实上那时四川何止“官军”与“流寇”,一般的人们在弱肉强食的丛林状态下,为了自利乃至仅仅为了苟存也是人相戮,乃至人相食,几乎已如那句老话:“人对于人是狼”了。

  • 因此所谓土地兼并并不会影响社会结构的稳定,“真正侵蚀王朝肌体、造成王朝衰败的,其实正是凌驾于社会之上、充当社会调节力量的中央朝廷和地方各级官府”。

第四章 不仁不义的帝制和亦道亦德的宪政 ──辛亥之变的价值观基础

  • “中国天下为家已更数千载,政令统于一尊,财富归诸一人,......逐末之人何得妄参国事”,所以“夷狄之道未可施诸中国”!
    ──刘锡鸿这样的古代官吏,真是无话可说!

  • 至今人们还把刘锡鸿、陈兰彬这样的人称为“清流”,如果这种口是心非、趋炎附势、阳儒阴法、倚权谋私的”乡愿“之徒也算”清流“,那从孔孟到东林党人大概都只能算”浊流“,而比刘、陈更”清“的,大概只有魏忠贤了。
    ──秦师吐槽犀利!

  • 显然,当时就连陈兰彬、刘锡鸿这些所谓”极端守旧派“也非常清楚帝制(”天下为家“)的不仁不义,宪政(”天下为公“)的亦道亦德。

第五章 ”宏大叙事“与”祛魅“ ──辛亥革命与保路运动的若干解析

  • 杨晟与当年徐继畲、郭嵩焘这些大儒一样把议员称为”乡绅“,因为按儒家思想,乡绅就是”从道不从君“的士大夫,是代表”公论“而独立与君主的。当然在中国只是理论(而且是古儒的理论,董仲舒以后这种理论也不大讲了)上如此,并没有制度安排来保证我们的乡绅会代表”公论“,倒是在西欧,我们的儒家看到了真正的”乡绅“。
    ──最后一句话,好凄凉!

  • 我们今天研究辛亥革命、做”事后诸葛亮“,并不是为了指责当年的人们是阿斗,而是为了我们自己不要变成”事后阿斗“

  • 重视历史的大局决不能成为给具体的罪恶作辩护的理由。只要”方向正确“就可以不择手段、”目的高尚“就可以掩盖方法的卑鄙,这样的逻辑正是过去那种”宏大叙事“令人反感的根源。
    ──有理!

  • ”自由,自由,多少罪恶假汝之名以行“

  • 如果说列宁当年不仅拿了敌国(德国)政府的钱、由德国人安排回国,后来还确实在德军占领着大片俄土的情况下制止了俄国对德作战、签订了割让半壁江山的布列斯特合约,今天主流的很多人尚且为他辩护,甚至还誉为伟大决策。那么反过来,孙中山仅仅因为曾经有过联日酬日的不当想法就遭到严词谴责、甚至连带辛亥革命都受到否定,那显然也是评人过苛,是不公平的。

  • 本来,”国有化“无论是不是个正确的方向,只要赎买、转制得当,也不一定是掠夺,可是盛宣怀的”国有化“办法确实就是掠夺。

  • 这些专制”国有化“的灾难当然不证明强权积累私产的”兼并“就是有理由的,相反,强权下的”私有化“和强权下的”国有化“构成了笔者过去论证过的”尺蠖效应“:”一个萝卜两头切,左右都是他得“,晚清的”强摊租股──强行国有化“只不过是这种恶性循环导致王朝倾覆的又一例。

Popular posts from 产品随想的博客

Interview at the All Things Digital D5 Conference, Steve and Bill Gates spoke with journalists Kara Swisher and Walt Mossberg onstage in May 2007.

Kara Swisher: The first question I was interested in asking is what you think each has contributed to the computer and technology industry— starting with you, Steve, for Bill, and vice versa. Steve Jobs: Well, Bill built the first software company in the industry. And I think he built the first software company before anybody really in our industry knew what a software company was, except for these guys. And that was huge. That was really huge. And the business model that they ended up pursuing turned out to be the one that worked really well for the industry. I think the biggest thing was, Bill was really focused on software before almost anybody else had a clue that it was really the software that— KS: Was important? SJ: That’s what I see. I mean, a lot of other things you could say, but that’s the high-order bit. And I think building a company’s really hard, and it requires your greatest persuasive abilities to hire the best ...

产品随想 | 周刊 第43期:历史上的今天

Products Huberman Lab   https://hubermanlab.com/ 一款聚焦于健康的播客 今日热榜   https://tophub.today/ 聚合展示,国内各热门榜单,对跟进热点非常有帮助,热点运营的好帮手 SketchyBar   https://github.com/FelixKratz/SketchyBar A highly customizable macOS status bar replacement Mac菜单栏定制 自定义程度很高,看作者展示的案例,暂时没想出这样的好处(不过应用本身的编辑,确实也没啥意义)生命在于折腾吧! Thanks-Mirror   https://github.com/eryajf/Thanks-Mirror 整理记录各个包管理器,系统镜像,以及常用软件的好用镜像,Thanks Mirror。 Musicn   https://github.com/zonemeen/musicn 一个下载高品质音乐的命令行工具,音乐来源: 咪咕 Planet Minecraft A creative Minecraft community fansite sharing maps, minecraft skins, resource packs, servers, mods, and more. 里面有很多动人的故事 可能是世界上最大的Minecraft社区,从2010年至今 The Uncensored Library   https://www.uncensoredlibrary.com/en blockworks   https://www.blockworks.uk/ "Distinctive maps for Minecraft that have educated players and risen to the level of art" 游戏也可以让人有更高的实现,而不仅仅是沉迷其中,国外游戏厂商比我们做的好太多 Minecraft_Memory_Bypass_GUI   https://github.com/xingchuanzhen/Minecraft_Memory_Bypass_GUI 绕过Minecraft...

巴菲特致股东信-1976年

 笔记: 为什么选择轻资产行业:当竞争疯狂时,不会强迫加入降价大战 最终选择了费雪的思想,选择能理解的优秀企业,以合理的价格买入并长期拥有 翻译: 雪球:https://xueqiu.com/6217262310/131440258 备份:https://archive.ph/XLK0S 原文: To the Stockholders of Berkshire Hathaway Inc, After two dismal years, operating results in 1976 improved significantly. Last year we said the degree of progress in insurance underwriting would determine whether our gain in earnings would be "moderate" or "major." As it turned out, earnings exceeded even the high end of our expectations. In large part, this was due to the outstanding efforts of Phil Liesche's managerial group at National Indemnity Company. In dollar terms, operating earnings came to $16,073,000, or $16.47 per share. While this is a record figure, we consider return on shareholders' equity to be a much more significant yardstick of economic performance. Here our result was 17.3%, moderately above our long-term average and even further above the average o...

巴菲特致股东信-1973年

 笔记: 在上一年度预测的今年竞争加剧导致利润下滑,真的发生了 翻译Link: 雪球:https://xueqiu.com/6217262310/131257618 备份:https://archive.ph/KIfdT 原文: To the Stockholders of Berkshire Hathaway Inc.: Our financial results for 1973 were satisfactory, with operating earnings of $11,930,592, producing a return of 17.4% on beginning stockholders' equity. Although operating earnings improved from $11.43 to $12.18 per share, earnings on equity decreased from the 19.8% of 1972. This decline occurred because the gain in earnings was not commensurate with the increase in shareholders' investment. We had forecast in last year's report that such a decline was likely. Unfortunately, our forecast proved to be correct. Our textile, banking, and most insurance operations had good years, but certain segments of the insurance business turned in poor results. Overall, our insurance business continues to be a most attractive area in which to employ capital. Management'...

Commencement Address at Stanford University--“Stay hungry. Stay foolish.”

I am honored to be with you today for your commencement from one of the finest universities in the world. Truth be told— I never graduated from college. This is the closest I’ve ever gotten to a college graduation. Today I want to tell you three stories from my life. That’s it. No big deal. Just three stories. The first story is about connecting the dots. I dropped out of Reed College after the first six months but then stayed around as a drop-in for another eighteen months or so before I really quit. So why did I drop out? It started before I was born. My biological mother was a young, unwed graduate student, and she decided to put me up for adoption. She felt very strongly that I should be adopted by college graduates, so everything was all set for me to be adopted at birth by a lawyer and his wife. Except that when I popped out they decided at the last minute that they really wanted a girl. So my parents, who were on a waiting...

巴菲特致股东信-1975年

 笔记: 华盛顿邮报已成为伯克希尔第一重仓股 翻译: 雪球:https://xueqiu.com/6217262310/131409324 备份:https://archive.ph/4hgK3 原文: To the Stockholders of Berkshire Hathaway Inc.: Last year, when discussing the prospects for 1975, we stated “the outlook for 1975 is not encouraging.” This forecast proved to be distressingly accurate. Our operating earnings for 1975 were $6,713,592, or $6.85 per share, producing a return on beginning shareholders ’ equity of 7.6%. This is the lowest return on equity experienced since 1967. Furthermore, as explained later in this letter, a large segment of these earnings resulted from Federal income tax refunds which will not be available to assist performance in 1976. On balance, however, current trends indicate a somewhat brighter 1976. Operations and prospects will be discussed in greater detail below, under specific industry titles. Our expectation is that significantly better results in textiles, earnings added from recent acquisitio...

产品随想 | 周刊 第90期:史家之绝唱,无韵之离骚

Why AI Will Save the World   https://a16z.com/2023/06/06/ai-will-save-the-world/ Marc Andreessen的雄文,十分有說服力,邏輯清晰 辯證了現今AI監管拋出的5個可能的AI問題 讀的過程中,腦海裏浮現的都是編程隨想那篇文章 为什么马克思是错的?——全面批判马列主义的知名著作导读   https://program-think.blogspot.com/2018/09/Book-Review-The-Errors-of-Marxism-Leninism.html 兩者的思維鏈條、敘事方式,非常相似 人民聖殿教   https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/人民圣殿教?useskin=vector 瓊斯自稱是神的化身,幾千年前轉世為釋迦牟尼,創建了佛教;後來又轉世為耶穌基督,創建了基督教;之後短期化身轉世為巴孛,建立巴哈伊信仰;最後轉世為列寧,將社會主義發揚光大。 邪教徒聲稱自己轉世成了列寧,這說明了什麼? Apple Vision   https://stratechery.com/2023/apple-vision Omnivore   https://github.com/omnivore-app/omnivore Omnivore is a complete, open source read-it-later solution for people who like reading. How the YouTube Algorithm Works in 2023: The Complete Guide   https://blog.hootsuite.com/how-the-youtube-algorithm-works/#A_brief_history_of_the_YouTube_algorithm 外人眼中的YouTube推薦算法變遷 Histography   https://histography.io/ “Histography" is interactive timeline that spans across 14 billion years of history, f...

巴菲特致股东信-1974年

 笔记: 价格战企业的逻辑:需要降价获取销量--->需要降低成本--->怎么降?扩大规模以摊低成本--->提高固定资产投入--->净资产回报率会降低 翻译: 雪球:https://xueqiu.com/6217262310/131257947 备份:https://archive.ph/5CEP6 原文: To the Stockholders of Berkshire Hathaway Inc.: Operating results for 1974 overall were unsatisfactory due to the poor performance of our insurance business. In last year's annual report some decline in profitability was predicted but the extent of this decline, which accelerated during the year, was a surprise. Operating earnings for 1974 were $8,383,576, or $8.56 per share, for a return on beginning shareholders' equity of 10.3%. This is the lowest return on equity realized since 1970. Our textile division and our bank both performed very well, turning in improved results against the already good figures of 1973. However, insurance underwriting, which has been mentioned in the last several annual reports as running at levels of unsustainable profitability, turned dramatically worse...

Steve Jobs introduced the iPhone on January 9, 2007.

This is a day I’ve been looking forward to for two and a half years. Link Every once in a while, a revolutionary product comes along that changes everything. And Apple has been— well, first of all, one’s very fortunate if you get to work on just one of these in your career. Apple’s been very fortunate. It’s been able to introduce a few of these into the world. In 1984, we introduced the Macintosh. It didn’t just change Apple, it changed the whole computer industry. In 2001, we introduced the first iPod, and it didn’t just change the way we all listen to music, it changed the entire music industry. Well, today, we’re introducing three revolutionary products of this class. The first one is a widescreen iPod with touch controls. The second is a revolutionary mobile phone. And the third is a breakthrough internet communications device. So, three things: a widescreen iPod with touch controls; a revolutionary mobile phone; and a breakthrough internet communicat...

产品随想 | 周刊 第69期:Do not go gentle into that good night

Products Windows Apps That Amaze Us   https://amazing-apps.gitbook.io/windows-apps-that-amaze-us/ 令人精细的Windows App 文物出版社   https://book.douban.com/press/2456/ 这是一个宝藏出版社,出品书籍质量非常高,大开眼界 blind   https://www.teamblind.com/ 老外的匿名职场社交工具,挺有意思,看看硅谷的meme 中国科学技术大学测速网站   https://test.ustc.edu.cn/ 看着还不错,挺靠谱的 底层代码是LibreSpeed   https://github.com/librespeed/speedtest 能不能好好说话?   https://github.com/itorr/nbnhhsh 也是我的一个痛点 Tree Style Tab (aka TST)   https://github.com/piroor/treestyletab 一个超强的浏览器扩展插件,树状呈现浏览器标签 Failory Pitch Decks   https://www.failory.com/pitch-deck 超级多的融资计划投资板,Pitch Book AutoCut   https://github.com/mli/autocut 用文本编辑器剪视频 全网漫游指南   https://tagly.notion.site/tagly/a333efd8c3e54e12b123acd541e8d3e6 数字时代的指引,希望他们成功 IT eBooks   https://it-ebooks.info/ IT书籍下载 ToastFish   https://github.com/Uahh/ToastFish 一个利用摸鱼时间背单词的软件。 利用Win10通知栏,出现、背单词 Ideas 沈向洋:IDEA 如何找到创新的「甜区」   https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/OlI5VUxQKU_ijWZClQCG0Q AIGC How Did Nor...