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乔治·奥威尔《我为何写作》 1946

 

译者: 孙仲旭

从很小的时候起,可能是五岁或六岁吧,我就知道长大后我要当一名作家。在大约十七岁到二十四岁之间,我试过放弃这个想法,但在放弃时,我也意识到那是在违背自己的真正天性,而且迟早有一天,我会不得不专心写书的。

在家里的三个小孩中我排行老二,可是往上往下都有五岁的差距。八岁前,我几乎没见过我父亲。出于这个以及其他原因,我多少有些孤独。不久,我就具备了一些不为人喜的癖性,让我在上学期间一直不受欢迎。我有了那种孤独小孩具有的习惯,就是编故事和同想象出来的人对话,我觉得我在文学上的野心一开始混合了被孤立和被低估的感觉。我那时就知道我能够熟练运用文字,而且具有直面不愉快事实的能力。我觉得正是这点,创造出了一个有点个人化的世界,在其中我可以找回信心,平衡日常生活中的失意。尽管如此,我童年及少年期间所有严肃作品——即出发点是严肃的——总量不会超过六页纸。四岁或五岁时,我写了我的第一首诗,由我母亲记录下来,我对它全记不得了,只知道是关于一头老虎的,它长着“椅子般的牙齿”——很不错的短语,可是我想那是对布莱克的《老虎,老虎》一诗的抄袭之作。十一岁时,当一九一四至一九一八年的战争爆发时,我写了首爱国诗发表在本地报纸上,两年后又发表了一首,是关于基钦纳之死的。我长大一些后,时不时写过差劲而且是未完成的“自然诗”,是乔治时代风格。我还大约两次试过写短篇小说,结果遭到惨败。那就是我那么多年的确写到了纸上,而且是立意严肃的全部作品。

但是,这段时间从头到尾,从某种意义上来说对我也是文学活动。先是那些下单交货的东西,我可以很快很容易地写出来,也未感到多大乐趣。除了学校的作业,我还写过应景之作和打油诗,那些我能以如今看来惊人的速度写出来——十四岁时,我一个星期左右就写了一个诗剧,仿的是阿里斯托芬风格。我帮着编过学校里的杂志,既有印出来的,也有手抄的。那些杂志是你能想象到的滑稽无比到令人同情的东西,我编那个,比现在写最垃圾的新闻报道还要轻松得多。但与此同时,在十五年或者更长的时间里,我也以另外一种很不一样的方式进行文学训练,即编关于自己的连载“故事”,那是一种只存在于自己脑子里的日记,我相信这是小孩子及青少年都会有的习惯。很小时,我经常幻想自己是比如说罗宾汉这样的人,幻想自己是进行令人心惊胆战冒险的英雄。但是很快,我的“故事”不再有拙劣的自恋性质,开始越来越多成为单纯对自己所作所为及所见的描写。一次几分钟地,会有诸如此类东西进入我脑海:“他推门进入房间,一束经过细棉布窗帘过滤过的黄色太阳光斜照在桌子上,上面有盒半打开的火柴,旁边是墨水壶。他右手插在口袋里走到了窗户那儿。下面的街上,一只毛色是龟背纹的猫正追赶一片落叶。”如此等等。这一习惯一直持续到我二十五岁左右,贯穿了我的非文学生涯。虽然我不得不寻找合适的词,也确实寻找过,但我好像在几乎违背自己意愿地进行这种描写性尝试,是处于来自外界的某种压力之下。我想我的“故事”肯定反映了我处于不同年龄时仰慕过的作家的风格,但就我能回忆起的,它总具有一丝不苟的描写性特点。

十六岁前后,我突然发现了纯粹属于单词本身的乐趣,即单词的发音和关联。如《失乐园》的这一行——

于是他面对困厄,辛苦劳作度日;困厄劳作也将其压迫。

如今在我看来,这好像也并非特别精彩,但那时却让我浑身发颤;而且以“hee” 来拼写“he”更是锦上添花。至于需要描写事物,我那时已全知道。如果说我那时就想写书,要写什么则已经清楚。我要写数量极多的自然主义长篇小说,有着并非皆大欢喜的结尾,里面充满了细致入微的描写和极为贴切的比喻,也充满了辞藻华丽的段落,其中的用词部分是因为那些单词本身的发音。实际上,我完成的第一本小说《缅甸岁月》就相当接近那种风格,那是我在三十岁时写的,但立意在那之前很早就开始了。

我给出了所有背景方面的信息,因为我不认为人们在一点也不知道某个作家早期发展过程的情况下,就能了解他的写作动机。他的写作主题由其生活的时代所决定——至少在我们目前这个喧嚣和变革的时代是如此——但开始写作前,他会形成一种情感上的姿态,那是他永远不可能完全与之脱离的。当然,他有一样工作要做,就是控制自己的性情,避免纠缠在某种不成熟的阶段,或者陷入某种不正常的情绪中去。但是,如果完全脱离早期所受影响,他就会扼杀自己的写作冲动。暂不论谋生需要,我认为写作有四种最重要的动机,至少对非诗歌写作而言是如此。这些动机在每位作家身上存在的程度不同,根据他生活的外界环境,所占比例也会时时变动。它们是:

1.纯粹的个人主义(Sheer Egoism,别译:纯粹的自大)。渴望显得聪明、被谈论、死后被记着、报复那些在你童年时怠慢过你的成年人等等。装作个人主义不是个动机而且是个很强的动机,那是欺人之谈。作家跟这些人在这一特点上有相通之处:科学家、艺术家、政治家、律师、战士、商界成功者——简而言之,是人类中的全体精英。人类中绝大多数并不是很自私的。过了三十岁左右,他们几乎完全放弃了作为个人的感觉——主要为他人而生,或者在苦差中压得喘不过气来。但另外还有少部分具有天分、随心所欲的人,他们决心一辈子到头为自己生活,作家就属于这类人。至于严肃作家,我要说他们总体而言比记者更自负,更以自我为中心,虽然他们对金钱的兴趣要少一些。

2.美学热情(Aesthetic Enthusiasm)。即对于外部世界之妙处的感知,或者另一方面对词语及它们恰到好处排列的美感上的认知;对于一个发音对另一个发音的影响,或是好文字的精当,或是好小说的节奏给人的愉悦;想与别人分享本人认为很有价值,不容错过的一段经历的渴望。美学冲动在很多作家那里很不明显,但即便是个小册子作者或是教科书作者,也会有些喜欢用的词,这些词为他所偏爱,并非因为实用方面的原因;要么他可能对印刷样式、边缘宽度等有很强的偏爱。除铁路时刻表之类,没有哪本书完全排除了美学上的考虑。

3.历史冲动(Historical Impulse)。即渴望看到事情的本来面目,发现真正事实并将其载存,以供后来者使用。

4.政治目的(Political Purpose)——此处的“政治”是最广义上的含义。即渴望将世界向某一方向推动,改变人们将努力实现的那种社会的概念。同样,没有哪本书完全不带一点政治倾向。那种艺术应与政治无关的观点本身即是一种政治态度。

可以看出,这些不同冲动一定互相争斗,而且一定会在不同人那里、在不同时间波动不已。从本性上说——把“本性”当作刚刚成人时具有的状态——我是个前三种动机大于第四种动机的人。在和平年代,我可能只会写些文字绚丽或者单纯描写性的书本,也可能几乎从来意识不到自己忠守的政治信念。的确,我曾被迫成为类似小册子作者的人。一开始,我在不合适的职业上花了五年(驻缅甸的印度皇家警察),然后我经历了贫困和失败的感觉。这些增加了我对权力的天生恨意,我也第一次全面意识到工人阶级的存在,而在缅甸的工作让我对帝国主义的本质有了一些认识。但是这些经历不足以使我具有明确的政治倾向。然后就出现了希特勒和西班牙内战等。到一九三五年底,我仍然未能做出明确决定。我记得我当时写了首小诗,表达了我的两难心态。

我原应当个快乐的牧师, 活在两百年前, 就不变的世界末日布道, 也看着我的核桃树长高; 但是生在,唉,极坏的时代, 我错过了那个适意的避风港, 因为我的上唇长出了胡须, 而教士们的脸都刮得光光。 后来的日子仍是不错, 我们曾是如此易于高兴, 我们把烦心事轻轻放下, 置于树冠之中。 我们曾不以无知为耻, 欢乐如今却被我们掩饰; 苹果树枝上的黄鹂鸟 就能让我的敌人战栗。 可是姑娘的腰腹和杏林, 树荫下溪流里的斜齿鳊, 马匹,破晓时争斗的鸭子, 所有这些都成了梦幻。 禁止再次做梦; 我们把欢乐粉碎或是藏起; 马匹是由不锈钢所造, 由矮个胖男人把它们骑。 我就是那条永远不动的蚯蚓, 一个无后宫可以逞威的宦官; 像尤金·亚拉姆一样走在 牧师和政委两人中间; 政委正给我算命, 收音机在开着, 而牧师保证我会有辆奥斯汀牌小汽车, 因为克己奉公总有收获 我梦到住进了大理石城堡 醒来发现这是真的 我生在如今可谓不逢时 史密斯呢?琼斯呢?你呢?

西班牙内战和一九三六年至一九三七年间发生的事件改变了态势,此后我就知道我的立场如何。一九三六年以来,我所写的每一行严肃作品都是直接或间接反对极权主义,支持我所理解的民主社会主义。在我们所在的这个时代,那种以为可以回避写这些题材的意见在我看来是无稽之谈。每个人都以这样或那样的方式写它们,只不过是个简单的选择何种立场和用什么方式写的问题。一个人越清楚地认识到自己的政治倾向,就越可能达到既政治性地行事,又不牺牲他在美学和思想上的诚实。

过去全部十年中,我最想做的,就是将政治性写作变成一种艺术。我的出发点总是感到党派偏见和不公。动笔写一本书时,我不会对自己说:“我要写一本完美的书。”我想写它,是因为有某种谎言我想揭穿,有些事实我想唤起人们的注意,我最初关心的,就是让人们听到我的意见。但如果同时没有一种美学感受,我就不会写一本书,甚或一篇为杂志而写的长文。任何人如果有心详细读一下我写的东西,就会发现即使是纯粹的宣传,里面还是包括很多一个全职的政治家会认为与主题无关的东西。我不能也不愿完全抛弃那个我自孩提时代开始形成的世界观。只要我活着,我就会继续追求文字上的风格,继续热爱大自然,继续乐于欣赏那些实实在在的东西,以及星星点点的无用信息。我想压制自己的这方面是徒劳的。我的工作,是将自己根深蒂固的好恶感与时代强加给我们所有人身上那些基本上是大众的、非个体的活动相调和。

这并非易事,它引出了结构及语言的难题,而且以新方式引出了真实性的难题。我可以举例说明出现的基本困难。我那本关于西班牙内战的书《向加泰罗尼亚致敬》当然确实是政治性文本,但它主要是以一定的超脱心态和体例上的考虑写成的。我确实很努力地想在其中说明全部事实,又不与我的文学本能相悖。但除了别的,这本书中还包括篇幅很长的一章,里面全是引用报纸上的片段之类,是为托洛茨基主义者辩护的,他们被指控阴谋串通佛朗哥。很明显,过上一两年,任何一般读者都会对这一章失去兴趣,并因此毁了这本书。一个我所尊敬的评论家给我上了一课:“你为什么要把那些玩意儿放进去?”他说,“你把本来不错的一本书变成了新闻报道。”他说得不错,可我只能这么做。我刚好知道清白的人们受到了不实的指控,而在英国只有极少数人有条件知道这一点。如果我不曾为之愤怒,就可能永远也不会写那本书。

此问题还会以这样那样的方式一再出现,而语言方面的问题与其相比更微妙,讨论起来也需要太长时间。我只是要说近几年,我一直在努力写得不那么栩栩如生,更追求准确性。不管怎么样,我发现当你已经完美形成任何一种写作风格时,你总是已经超越了这种风格。《动物农场》是第一本我写时对自己所做的有完全清醒的认识,混合了政治目的和艺术目的的书。我有七年时间没有写长篇小说了,但我希望在不久的将来再写一部。它注定会失败,每本书都会失败,但是我对要写什么样的书差不多一清二楚。

回头看看前面的一两页,我看到我好像制造出了这样一个印象,即我的写作动机完全出自热心公众利益,我不想让这点成为别人对我的最终印象。所有作家都是自负自私,也是懒惰的,在他们各种写作动机的根子里面,还存在一个谜团。写本书是场可怕的、令人疲惫不堪的挣扎,就像很长一段时间得了令身心痛苦的病症。如果不是受某种他既无力抵抗又无法理解的魔鬼迫使,他永远不会做这样一件事。就人们所知,这个魔鬼只不过跟让小孩子号啕以引起别人注意是同样一种本能。但同样正确的是,除非他不停奋力消除自己的个性,否则就写不出任何具有可读性的东西。好的文字就像窗玻璃。我不能十分肯定地说出我的几种动机里哪种最强,但我知道哪种值得遵循。回头看看我的全部作品,我看到在我缺乏政治目的时,写出来的书总无一例外地没有生气,蜕化成华而不实的段落、无意义的句子和装饰性形容词,而且总的说来,是自欺欺人之作。

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 笔记: 在上一年度预测的今年竞争加剧导致利润下滑,真的发生了 翻译Link: 雪球:https://xueqiu.com/6217262310/131257618 备份:https://archive.ph/KIfdT 原文: To the Stockholders of Berkshire Hathaway Inc.: Our financial results for 1973 were satisfactory, with operating earnings of $11,930,592, producing a return of 17.4% on beginning stockholders' equity. Although operating earnings improved from $11.43 to $12.18 per share, earnings on equity decreased from the 19.8% of 1972. This decline occurred because the gain in earnings was not commensurate with the increase in shareholders' investment. We had forecast in last year's report that such a decline was likely. Unfortunately, our forecast proved to be correct. Our textile, banking, and most insurance operations had good years, but certain segments of the insurance business turned in poor results. Overall, our insurance business continues to be a most attractive area in which to employ capital. Management'...

巴菲特致股东信-1975年

 笔记: 华盛顿邮报已成为伯克希尔第一重仓股 翻译: 雪球:https://xueqiu.com/6217262310/131409324 备份:https://archive.ph/4hgK3 原文: To the Stockholders of Berkshire Hathaway Inc.: Last year, when discussing the prospects for 1975, we stated “the outlook for 1975 is not encouraging.” This forecast proved to be distressingly accurate. Our operating earnings for 1975 were $6,713,592, or $6.85 per share, producing a return on beginning shareholders ’ equity of 7.6%. This is the lowest return on equity experienced since 1967. Furthermore, as explained later in this letter, a large segment of these earnings resulted from Federal income tax refunds which will not be available to assist performance in 1976. On balance, however, current trends indicate a somewhat brighter 1976. Operations and prospects will be discussed in greater detail below, under specific industry titles. Our expectation is that significantly better results in textiles, earnings added from recent acquisitio...

Steve Jobs introduced the iPhone on January 9, 2007.

This is a day I’ve been looking forward to for two and a half years. Link Every once in a while, a revolutionary product comes along that changes everything. And Apple has been— well, first of all, one’s very fortunate if you get to work on just one of these in your career. Apple’s been very fortunate. It’s been able to introduce a few of these into the world. In 1984, we introduced the Macintosh. It didn’t just change Apple, it changed the whole computer industry. In 2001, we introduced the first iPod, and it didn’t just change the way we all listen to music, it changed the entire music industry. Well, today, we’re introducing three revolutionary products of this class. The first one is a widescreen iPod with touch controls. The second is a revolutionary mobile phone. And the third is a breakthrough internet communications device. So, three things: a widescreen iPod with touch controls; a revolutionary mobile phone; and a breakthrough internet communicat...

产品随想 | 周刊 第90期:史家之绝唱,无韵之离骚

Why AI Will Save the World   https://a16z.com/2023/06/06/ai-will-save-the-world/ Marc Andreessen的雄文,十分有說服力,邏輯清晰 辯證了現今AI監管拋出的5個可能的AI問題 讀的過程中,腦海裏浮現的都是編程隨想那篇文章 为什么马克思是错的?——全面批判马列主义的知名著作导读   https://program-think.blogspot.com/2018/09/Book-Review-The-Errors-of-Marxism-Leninism.html 兩者的思維鏈條、敘事方式,非常相似 人民聖殿教   https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/人民圣殿教?useskin=vector 瓊斯自稱是神的化身,幾千年前轉世為釋迦牟尼,創建了佛教;後來又轉世為耶穌基督,創建了基督教;之後短期化身轉世為巴孛,建立巴哈伊信仰;最後轉世為列寧,將社會主義發揚光大。 邪教徒聲稱自己轉世成了列寧,這說明了什麼? Apple Vision   https://stratechery.com/2023/apple-vision Omnivore   https://github.com/omnivore-app/omnivore Omnivore is a complete, open source read-it-later solution for people who like reading. How the YouTube Algorithm Works in 2023: The Complete Guide   https://blog.hootsuite.com/how-the-youtube-algorithm-works/#A_brief_history_of_the_YouTube_algorithm 外人眼中的YouTube推薦算法變遷 Histography   https://histography.io/ “Histography" is interactive timeline that spans across 14 billion years of history, f...

巴菲特致股东信-1974年

 笔记: 价格战企业的逻辑:需要降价获取销量--->需要降低成本--->怎么降?扩大规模以摊低成本--->提高固定资产投入--->净资产回报率会降低 翻译: 雪球:https://xueqiu.com/6217262310/131257947 备份:https://archive.ph/5CEP6 原文: To the Stockholders of Berkshire Hathaway Inc.: Operating results for 1974 overall were unsatisfactory due to the poor performance of our insurance business. In last year's annual report some decline in profitability was predicted but the extent of this decline, which accelerated during the year, was a surprise. Operating earnings for 1974 were $8,383,576, or $8.56 per share, for a return on beginning shareholders' equity of 10.3%. This is the lowest return on equity realized since 1970. Our textile division and our bank both performed very well, turning in improved results against the already good figures of 1973. However, insurance underwriting, which has been mentioned in the last several annual reports as running at levels of unsustainable profitability, turned dramatically worse...

Interview with Steve Jobs, WGBH, 1990

Interviewer: what is it about this machine? Why is this machine so interesting? Why has it been so influential? Jobs: Ah ahm, I'll give you my point of view on it. I remember reading a magazine article a long time ago ah when I was ah twelve years ago maybe, in I think it was Scientific American . I'm not sure. And the article ahm proposed to measure the efficiency of locomotion for ah lots of species on planet earth to see which species was the most efficient at getting from point A to point B. Ah and they measured the kilocalories that each one expended. So ah they ranked them all and I remember that ahm...ah the Condor, Condor was the most efficient at [CLEARS THROAT] getting from point A to point B. And humankind, the crown of creation came in with a rather unimpressive showing about a third of the way down...