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产品随想 | 读《中国是部金融史》:第六章 铜钱三国志(三国)

第六章 铜钱三国志(三国)

  • 毛玠认为,袁绍为人多疑而少断(我始终认为,《三国演义》把袁绍的性格嫁接到曹操身上),根本没有紧抓经济建设,他的军队甚至靠野果充饥;刘表为人小富即安,只要不冒犯他的利益,他就不会主动进攻别人。
    结论:袁绍、刘表都不可怕,曹操要想成就“霸王之业”,只须“守位以财”。这句话也是当代国际关系中永恒的真谛:要想成为世界霸主,必须有最强势的经济!曹操“守位以财”的方法,在历史上叫作 “屯田”。

  • 靠着这些资财,建安元年(公元 196年),曹操颁布《置屯田令》。流民每五十人为一屯,春夏耕种、冬秋操练。屯民如果使用官家耕牛(也是抢来的),收成与官家四六分成;屯民如果自备耕牛,则收成与官家五五分成。
    实践证明,这是一个好方法。仅仅一年,曹操就分到了一百万斛粮食。成绩的背后是悲惨的屯民,他们要向曹操缴纳 50%甚至60% 的收成。
    ──2022年的苹果税都还剩30%

  • 玩过《帝国时代》的人一定知道,在从“黑暗时代”升级到“帝国时代”的过程中, 只要不断派兵骚扰对方生产,就一定会降低对方军事实力。真实的战争也是如此,如果想在战争中事半功倍,就一定要先摧毁对方经济。1990年,在美国“沙漠风暴”行动开始之前,伊拉克已经被“禁运”、“制裁”搞得奄奄一息。
    ──看看过往苏联,现在美国对俄罗斯的手段

  • 曹操确实是一个土匪,一个很大的土匪。正因为曹操是大土匪,所以,他在一定程度上能代表“国家”。曹操禁止其他军阀圈禁流民和土地,在很大程度上解决了当时的流民问题。正是因为他解决了这个问题,才损害了坞堡集团的利益,在史书中留下了顶级骂名。
    ──“正因为曹操是大土匪,所以,他在一定程度上能代表“国家”。”,算中国特色吧

  • 把曹操跟王养并列在一起,还是相当有道理的。曹操的《置屯田令》《抑兼并令》 跟王养的“王田制”根本就是一回事:国家对小农发放土地.小农直接向国家缴纳地租。推行“耕者有其田〞当然会得罪那帮子封建官僚,那些人掌握着后世史笔,愤怒之余也就把曹操和王莽画成了大白脸。

  • 曹操的土兵虽然少,但大家抱有同一个信念:如果要过好日子,必须击溃袁绍。何况,作战任务并不困难——只是在自己的地盘上找到别人的粮食,能带走的就带走、 带不走的烧掉。袁绍的士兵虽多,也不过是来军队混饭吃的农民,就算能取得偶然的胜利,回去以后还不是要挨饿?
    官渡之战,其胜、其败,早已一目了然。

  • 按照中国历史的逻辑,一代枭雄如果获得了经济实力,就会马上征讨四方,最后统一中国。在三国历史中,事实正好相反。有能力统一中国的曹操始终隐忍不发,更加笃定地坚信毛玠提出的信条——“守位以财”,坚信只有再现“文景之治”才可能真正统一中国。没有能力的蜀汉却搞了一个“六出祁山”,搞得蜀地国将不国。

  • 赤壁之战后十年,曹操最主要的工作不是征战,而是带着流民修运河——反正流民流窜的目标是吃饱饭、活下去,有了这份公差自然也就结束了流窜。从建安七年(公元 202 年) 到建安十八年(公元 213 年),曹操共主持修成淮阳渠、白沟、平虏渠、泉州渠、新河和利漕渠等六条运河。《三国演义》中大家所熟知的夏侯敦,最主要的功绩不是对抗蜀国,而是在少为人知的史实中,主持修建了太寿渠和淮阳渠。
    ──就业重要性,历来如此

  • 曹操修建的运河是京杭大运河的雏形,也是中国古代历史上规模最大的水利工程。此后,中原大地形成了以洛阳为中心,贯穿黄河、淮河的扇形运河网,对后世政治、 经济乃至华北平原水系的变迁,产生了几乎决定性的影响。
    大家想象一下,隋炀帝只是把这些运河贯穿成一条京杭大运河,就搞得全国鸡飞狗跳。在纷纷乱世,曹操启动了这么大的治水工程,史籍中对曹操修运河却无腹诽之词, 这需要多么强盛的经济!
    ──原来是曹操的底子,想想如今那些工程......真的不靠谱

  • 如同曹魏五铢,我们可能永远无法知道三国钱币窖藏中究竟哪一枚出自曹操时代。唯-可以肯定的是,这些曾经流通过的铜币就埋藏在三国年间的墓葬之中。真实的曹操,就像他所推行的五铢钱,或许将永远淹没在虚幻的烟尘之中。隐约中,我听到陈寿在为曹操呐喊:非常之人,超世之杰!

  • 刘备铸造的货币叫作“直百五铁〞,最初重十克左右,约是原蜀地五铢的三倍, 却要当一百枚蜀地五铢用。这说白了就是铸造大钱,以三四十分之一的成本去抢劫蜀地的粮食、布匹乃至所有财富。
    ──憨厚老实的刘备,居然还有这茬

  • 《三国演义》用了一百二十分力气美化刘备,把蜀汉尊为汉室的正统。尽管如此我们依然可以看出,刘备是一个流氓气十足的人:
    一早年先后投奔公孙瓒、袁绍、曹操、吕布⋯⋯皆反;
    一最后一任主子是刘表,刘表死后他就篡夺军队领导权;
    —蜀地刘璋请他帮忙镇压张鲁农民起义,刘备居然率军攻破成都,逼走刘璋。
    —中国史书上吃人的案例并不鲜见,刘备就是其中之一。逃难中的刘备逃到了一个樵夫家,据说樵夫知道刘备是“贤人”,就把自己妻子杀掉给刘备炖了一锅肉。
    蜀地与中原有群山相隔,根本没受到中原战争影响。刘备入蜀之前,史籍这样描写蜀地经济:水渠散布在田野之中,良田好像绸缎般靓丽,黍稷油油,粳稻漠漠,村落中楼宇相望、桑梓桐连,好一派沃野干里的天府之国!
    刘备入蜀四十年后,史籍这样描述蜀地:男子都被拉去打仗,女子都被拉去搞后勤运输,耕地荒芜殆尽;无论君子、小人都对蜀汉心怀怨恨,黎民百姓由于害怕惩罚而不敢逃离。
    ──震惊,原来以前的认知,错的如此离谱

  • 直百五铢为刘备带来了巨额财富,《三国志》这样描写当时的情况:“数月之间, 府库充实。”大家可以想一想,一拨连饭都吃不饱的流寇,数月之间居然兵强马壮, 这会是多么惨烈的抢劫!

  • 诸葛亮也知道“益州疲散,此诚危急存亡之秋也”,但他还是将蜀汉全体人民线架在这辆毫无希望的战车之上。《三国志》记载,诸葛亮率十万蜀中将士先后三次北伐,另外蜀国还有官吏四万人(带甲将士十万二千,吏四万人)。十万将士绝非蜀国全部军事力量,每十个士兵至少需要三至四个人做后勤。蜀国只有九十四万人口(全蜀领户二十八万,男女口九十四万),平均九人要负担一个战士,七家要负抯一个官吏, 还不计算后勤保障,这就是真实的蜀汉、真实的诸莴亮。
    ──从此不再羡慕诸葛

  • ——现代科技已经证明,最早一批太平百钱铸造于公元 221~227 年之间,即刘备死后至诸葛亮第一次北伐之间,此时,蜀地能铸钱的唯诸葛亮一人而已。
    结论:太平百钱为诸葛亮所铸。
    太平百钱是一种极其离谱的货币,离谱到根本就不能称其为钱。这种钱重0.1~1克, 不但低于西汉末年的荚钱,甚至低于董卓的无字小钱,是中国历史上质量最差的铜钱之-。也就是说,在“六出祁山〞之前,诸莴丞相曾以1:100的比例抢劫民间财富, 惨烈程度就连薰卓都望尘莫及。
    ──震惊...... 货币超发,就是国家在掠夺百姓财富

  • 也许彭信成先生不愿意相信,一个中国历史上几乎被传为神的人会在货币上大做文章,敛财程度居然与董卓不相上下。还是陈寿在《三国志》中的评价中肯:诸莴亮身处孤绝之地,本应偏安一隅;却连年空劳师旅,实在是一个志大才疏之人,最多只适合做太平宰相。

  • 理论上,一亿枚直百五铢能换得一百亿枚蜀地五铢钱,汉代两朝官私总共才铸造了五百亿枚五铢钱,显然,--亿枚直百五铢已经足以取代蜀汉货币体系。这段时间, 诸莴亮只得下令不准民间再以铜钱作为交换媒介,蜀汉交易退回到物物交换时代,所谓“钱既太贵,徒有虚名”。
    结果:蜀汉在丢掉荆州之后,又几乎丢掉了所有财富。
    第二次货币战争,孙吴完胜。
    ──惊心动魄的货币战争,看看如今美国

  • 无论赤壁之战胜败如何,我可以确信的是:此后曹操在北方锐意改革,坚持不懈地推行“耕者有其田"。
    所以,赵翼才在《甘二史札记校证》中这样评价:人才莫盛于三国!
    曹操的屯民不用承担兵役,小农也可以自由离去。曹魏的武力支撑同样来自北方的世家大族,跟江南世家大族一样,这也是一批成长于西汉的官商、发迹于东汉的军阀。曹操本是宦官家庭出身,世家大族又怎么肯在这个“赘阉遗丑”治下称臣?何况, 曹操要做的不仅仅是当皇帝,还要以土地国有彻底断掉世家大族的命脉。

  • 也许,曹操不愿意在创建强盛的封建集权之前看到世家武装进一步壮大,或许这才是他一生不愿轻起边衅(边境争端)的真正原因;也许,曹操出身低贱,知道辗转呼号于生死边缘的苦楚,所以,他不愿意看到百姓再受战乱之苦;也许,曹操确实也想统一中国,只不过心有余而力不足罢了…
    ──后世的猜测

  • 曹操尸骨末寒,陇西大姓陈留就上书魏王曹丕,要求确立“九品中正制",此后, 选官要看“世、状、品”。也就是说,但凡有人做官都要看其家世、族谱、世家大族的评判。自此,豪门大族在历史上又多了一个专有名词——士族。
    曹丕为了获得士族支持,同意在魏国实施“九品中正制”,也终于登上了皇帝的宝座。只是,曹不一旦向士族妥协,就必须借助他们的力量才能统一全国。如此,不但刚刚萌发的小农经济将消弭于无形,士族门阀势力还将历久弥坚。
    ──曹操的土地国有,成为梦想

  • “九品中正制”名义上是官分九品,说白了就是将杜会阶层流动固化在既得利益者阶层,寒门素族再无寸尺晋身之路。当每一个普通人都失去了阶层流动的正常途径, 人们也就失去了生活的希望。如果无论怎么努力,明天依旧都是灰暗的,自己乃至子孙后代都无所期份,生活焉能不充满灰色?

  • 寒门素族被完全排斥在社会主流之外,表现出一种从未有过的暴戾与残忍:有人在街道上因小磕碰将陌生人投入烟火中烧死;有人在母丧中听闻起兵造反,立即脱掉孝服抄家伙就去投奔;有百工卑姓为接近士族高门尽献妻女•••
    寒门素族在高门士族面前丧失了良知、尊严、希望,一切的一切都在高门士族权势的压榨下荡然无存。《三国演义》中有一段诸莴亮骂死王朗的故事:两军阵前,诸葛亮痛斥魏国 “庙堂之上,朽木为官,殿陛之间,禽兽食禄;狼心狗行之辈,滚滚当朝, 奴颜婢膝之徒,纷纷秉政”。据说,七十多岁的魏国司马王朗听后,被当场气死。
    ──对比看当今的权贵

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Why AI Will Save the World   https://a16z.com/2023/06/06/ai-will-save-the-world/ Marc Andreessen的雄文,十分有說服力,邏輯清晰 辯證了現今AI監管拋出的5個可能的AI問題 讀的過程中,腦海裏浮現的都是編程隨想那篇文章 为什么马克思是错的?——全面批判马列主义的知名著作导读   https://program-think.blogspot.com/2018/09/Book-Review-The-Errors-of-Marxism-Leninism.html 兩者的思維鏈條、敘事方式,非常相似 人民聖殿教   https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/人民圣殿教?useskin=vector 瓊斯自稱是神的化身,幾千年前轉世為釋迦牟尼,創建了佛教;後來又轉世為耶穌基督,創建了基督教;之後短期化身轉世為巴孛,建立巴哈伊信仰;最後轉世為列寧,將社會主義發揚光大。 邪教徒聲稱自己轉世成了列寧,這說明了什麼? Apple Vision   https://stratechery.com/2023/apple-vision Omnivore   https://github.com/omnivore-app/omnivore Omnivore is a complete, open source read-it-later solution for people who like reading. How the YouTube Algorithm Works in 2023: The Complete Guide   https://blog.hootsuite.com/how-the-youtube-algorithm-works/#A_brief_history_of_the_YouTube_algorithm 外人眼中的YouTube推薦算法變遷 Histography   https://histography.io/ “Histography" is interactive timeline that spans across 14 billion years of history, f...

巴菲特致股东信-1974年

 笔记: 价格战企业的逻辑:需要降价获取销量--->需要降低成本--->怎么降?扩大规模以摊低成本--->提高固定资产投入--->净资产回报率会降低 翻译: 雪球:https://xueqiu.com/6217262310/131257947 备份:https://archive.ph/5CEP6 原文: To the Stockholders of Berkshire Hathaway Inc.: Operating results for 1974 overall were unsatisfactory due to the poor performance of our insurance business. In last year's annual report some decline in profitability was predicted but the extent of this decline, which accelerated during the year, was a surprise. Operating earnings for 1974 were $8,383,576, or $8.56 per share, for a return on beginning shareholders' equity of 10.3%. This is the lowest return on equity realized since 1970. Our textile division and our bank both performed very well, turning in improved results against the already good figures of 1973. However, insurance underwriting, which has been mentioned in the last several annual reports as running at levels of unsustainable profitability, turned dramatically worse...

Interview with Steve Jobs, WGBH, 1990

Interviewer: what is it about this machine? Why is this machine so interesting? Why has it been so influential? Jobs: Ah ahm, I'll give you my point of view on it. I remember reading a magazine article a long time ago ah when I was ah twelve years ago maybe, in I think it was Scientific American . I'm not sure. And the article ahm proposed to measure the efficiency of locomotion for ah lots of species on planet earth to see which species was the most efficient at getting from point A to point B. Ah and they measured the kilocalories that each one expended. So ah they ranked them all and I remember that ahm...ah the Condor, Condor was the most efficient at [CLEARS THROAT] getting from point A to point B. And humankind, the crown of creation came in with a rather unimpressive showing about a third of the way down...