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乔布斯自己的话

我對建立一家屹立不搖的公司有著不滅的熱情。我希望激發公司裡的人做出偉大的產品,其他都是其次的。能獲利當然很好,因為這樣你才有更多的本錢去做很棒的產品。然而,最重要的动机還是產品,而不是獲利。史考利就是把優先順序搞錯了, 把赚钱當成首要目標。雖然製造產品和追求獲利只有些微的不同,但這目標的確關係到一切,包括你要雇用什麼樣的人,晉升哪些人,在開會的時候要討論什麼。

有些人會說:「給消費者想要的東西。」但這不是我的做法。我們必須在消費者知道自已想要什麼東西之前,就幫他們想好了。記得福特曾說:「如果我問顧客他們要什麼,他們必然會回答我:跑得更快的馬!」除非你拿出東西給顾客看,不然他們不知道自己要什麼。這就是為什麼我從不仰賴市場調查。我們的任務是預知,就像看一本書,儘管書頁上還是一片空白,我們已可讀出上面寫的東西。

寶麗來的蘭德曾提到人文與科學的交會。我喜歡這樣的交會,這就是最神奇的地方。目前創新的人很多,我的職涯最突出的並非創新。蘋果能打動很多人的心,是因為我們的創新還有很深的人文淵源。我認為,偉大的工程師和偉大的藝術家很類似。他們都有表達自己的深切欲望。其實,為第一代麥金塔打拚的精英當中,有些也會寫詩或作曲。在1970 年代,人們用電腦表達他們的創造力。像達文西和米開朗基羅這樣偉大的藝術家,本身也是科學家。米開朗基羅不只是會雕刻,也知道如何開採石材。

蘋果能做的,就是幫消費者整合。因為一般人都很忙,一星期七天,一天二十四小時,完全抽不出時間想這些。如果你對製造偉大的產品充滿热情,你就會想整合,把你的硬體、軟體和內容變成一個整體。如果你想開關新的疆土,你得自己來。如果你要使你的產品開放,和其他軟、硬體相容,就不得不放棄你的一些遠見或夢想。

過去的矽谷,在不同的時間點都曾出現過獨領風騷的大公司。最早是惠普,他們曾稱霸一段很長的時問,接著進入半導體時代,快捷和英特爾是其中的佼佼者。之後蘋果也曾光芒耀眼,然後又黯淡下來。到了今天,我想最强的就是蘋果,而 Google 緊跟在後。我認為蘋果禁得起時間考騐。蘋果這幾年的表現非常亮眼,日後仍會是電腦科技的先鋒。

向微軟丢石頭很簡單。微軟顯然不再像過去那樣意興風發,不再舉足輕重,但我還是認為他們過去的成就很了不起,那真是不容易。他們是經營獲利的高手,對產品發展則沒那麼有野心。蓋兹自認為是產品的推手,懂產品的人。其實,他不是,他是個生意人。對他而言,猣利比製造偉大的產品來得重要。他也達成了這個目標,成了全世界最有錢的人。但購錢向來不是我的第一目標。我佩服他創辦出微軟這樣的公司,也喜歡跟他合作。他很聰明,而且很有幽默感,但微軟的 DNA 就是少了人文和藝術。即使麥金塔就擺在他們眼前,他們也完全學不來。他們就是無法掌握精髓。

像 IBM 或微軟這樣的大公司為什麼會衰退?我有我自己的理論。他們本來表現得很不錯,能夠不斷創新,最後稱霸一方,但之後就不再那麼重視產品品質。他們漸漸認為,公司最重要的人才是銷售人員,而非產品工程師和設計師,因為只有銷售人員才能使公司的營收數字攀升,最後公司的掌門人就是做銷售的。 IBM的艾克斯是個聰明絕頂、能言善道的銷售天才,但他對產品一無所知。全錄也是一樣,由銷售人員當家,開發產品的人受到冷落,於是紛紛跳槽。史考利進入蘋果也是。他是我帶進來的, 無可諱言,這是我的錯。鮑默接掌微軟,他一樣只懂銷售,對產品一竅不通。蘋果很幸運,得以在多年前東山再起。至於微軟, 只要鲍默掌權一天,微軟就不可能改變。

我討厭有人自稱是「創業家」。這些人在創業之後,就把公司賣掉或上市,大賺一票。他們真正的目標就是暴富,不願花心血去建立一家真正的公司 —對企業經營而言,這點才是最雞的。你要真的有所貢獻,像前人一樣發揮影響力,就應建立一家至少能撐三十年或六十年的公司。華特.迪士尼是典範,惠立和普克也做到了,英特爾的創辦人也是。他們創造了長青企業,而不是只為了賺錢。我希望蘋果這家公司也能成為一棵長青樹。

我不是殘酷無情的暴君,我只是說實話。如果有人搞砸了, 我會當著那個人的面說出來。我知道我在說什麼,而我說的通常沒錯。我希望的企業文化就是這樣:對彼此完全坦白,任何人都可以告訴我,說我在鬼扯,我也會罵他們白爛。我們經常吵得臉紅脖子粗,互相叫馬 —其實,蘋果讓我最難忘的,就是這樣的火爆時刻。我可以當著其他人面前,直率告訴主事者:「老兄,這家店簡直讓人看不下去。」或是說:「天啊,我們真的把這東西搞砸了。」你要跟我一起工作,就得絕對誠實。也許待人處事有更好的方式,就像打領結、西装筆挺的在紳士俱樂部,用文雅的語言交談,每一句話都委婉、客氣。可我就是不會這一套,我只是出身加州的中產階級。

我有時對人非常嚴厲,或許我不必要這麼苛刻。我記得,我兒子里德六歲那年,有一天他從外面回來。那天,我刚好開除了一個人。我想像那個人回家告訴他太太和年幼的孩子,說他失業了。我想,這家人一定非常難過。這真的很難,然而還是要有人做。我不得不做,因為我的任務就是建立一支素質優良的國隊。如果我不做,就沒有人會做。

你必須不斷創新。巴布狄倫或許可以唱一單子的抗議歌曲, 這樣或許能賺更多的錢,但他從來不在原地踏步。1965年,他改走電子樂風,喜歡民謠的死忠派紛紛離他而去。但他1966年在歐洲的巡迴演唱,就是他登峰造極的時刻。他可以繼續用民謠吉他演出,聽眾也會喜愛,但他帶著樂隊樂團(The Band) 上場,用力刷著電吉他。觀眾席上傳來噓聲和喝倒采的聲音,就在他要唱 (Like a Rolling Stone〉之前,有人甚至從觀眾席大骂:「猶大!叛徒!」接著,巴布狄倫告訴樂隊的夥伴:「給我他媽的大聲彈!」 夥伴們都照做了。披頭四樂團也是,他們不斷演化、前進,精益求精。這也就是我一直想做的:繼續前進。不然,就像巴布狄倫說的,你要不是忙著生存,就是在為死亡瞎忙。

我的動力是什麼?我想,大多數有創造力的人都不忘感謝前人的努力。我使用的語言或數學都不是我發明的,我的食物很少是我自己準備的,我的衣服也是別人做好的。我做的一切仰賴其他人,可以說,我們是站在別人的肩膀上。很多人也希望能為全人類貢獻一己之力,讓人類社會變得更好。我們無法像巴布狄倫那樣寫歌,也不能像史塔博(Tom Stoppard)那樣會寫劇本,我們只能就自己僅有的才能去發揮,去表達我們深刻的感覺,貢獻一點東西出來,以感謝前人的付出。這就是我的動力。

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