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产品随想 | 读《中国是部金融史》:第二章 秦始皇统一了货币吗(秦朝)


  • 战国时代什么最重要?
    答:人才!
    十地有的是,有人就能在土地上耕种,就能产出粮食。
    积攒人品、招揽居民的方法,就是变法。魏国的李悝、赵国的公仲连、楚国的吴起、 韩国的申不害、齐国的邹忌⋯⋯七家诸侯都使出浑身解数鼓励别国的国民迁徙到自己的土地上—因为只有这样才能产出更多粮食,才能在战争的时候保证有兵源。
    ──思路和现在的放开户口、人才引进,拉动GDP,是一样的

  • 所谓抑商也就三条。

    • 第一,秦国不能出现粮食贸易。(如果秦人买不到粮食就只能自己去种地,种地的人最实在)
    • 第二,加重商税,重到任何贸易品种都无利可图。
    • 第三,降低商人地位。战国七雄,只有在秦困,商人才与赘婿并列为最低等的网人。
  • 货币是一枚一枚的铜钱,分散在国人手中,泰孝公如何能贪天下之利?只有禁绝货币,才能把所有利益都归于国君,国君才能更有势力(利出于一孔者,其国无敌)

  • 商鞅从来没有“重农”。他真实的想法是:民弱国强、 国强民弱,所以,要想做最有权势的国君,就必须让天下人穷困(民弱国强、国强民弱, 故有道之国务在弱民)!
    农、工、士、商四类人中,“农人〞必须依附于田宅,最缺乏流动性,手里也最没钱,是最容易管理的对象,也是最好的“弱民”。

  • 据说,商鞅“重农"的功绩在于给全国农人分配士地;据说,商鞅治下,每个男丁可以分配到一百亩土地。“百亩之田、五商之宅”是战国时代孟子的理想,最早出子《周礼》,到了《汉书》中居然成为商鞅的土地分配标准。
    就为这,商鞅被歌幼了几干年
    ──蜜糖? 砒霜?

  • 商鞅之所以敢如此放心大胆地盘剥,是因为控制单一的农户比控制强大的宗族容易许多。毕竞宗族力量在一定程度上可以对抗王室,而被拆分为一个个家庭,就没有任何能力对抗封建集权。
    ──破宗族,分田地

  • 至于农人,毫无血缘关系的五家被编成一“伍”。谁敢反抗,五个农户全体受罚, 一般情况下会全被诛杀。即使有人跑出了家乡,只要在秦国境内,没有良民证的人也难免被抓获。没有良民证的结果就是被杀掉。
    ──看到“良民证”,我想到了“核酸码”

  • 商鞅认为,笨的人好管理(民&则易治也)。《诗经》《尚书》是周朝文化的代表, 如果网人以《诗》《书》中的道理去蛊惑人心,有一个人,就能让上千人不再以耕战求富货;如果信奉《诗》《书》的人当了县官,就会有一个县的人不再尊敬国君;如果天下人都信奉《诗》《书》的道理,势必有人结党于下、议论政令,秦孝公的将不再是秦孝公的国⋯
    ──愚民政策

  • 禁绝了《诗X书》,商鞅拿出了自己的--套办法,就是所谓的“法家”。首先,请注意, 是“法家”绝不是“法治”。商鞅是这样解释“法”的:君王嘴里说出来的话就是法律, 目的就是管住所有人(权者,君之所独制也,人主失守则危)。

  • 看一看商鞅制定的刑罚就知道有多变态:凌迟、 汤镬、剥皮、腰斩、五马分厂⋯顺便说一句,“诛九族”这个罪名就是商鞅发明的。
    ──酷吏

  • 断绝了内外两种途径(国内劳动力减少+禁止商人贸易/运粮),杂国就断绝了粮食来源,也就难怪粮价最终上涨了。秦孝公死前,杂的粮价已经飞涨到一干六百钱一石,如果按秦半两标准重益和魏国布币的重量比例计算,秦国粮价已经高出魏国儿乎六十倍。

  • 吕不韦:投资农业利润如何?
    吕父:十倍吧。
    吕不韦:那投资珠宝呢?
    吕父:一百倍。
    吕不韦:如果培养一个王子登上王位,能赚多少倍?
    吕父:无数。
    品氏父子的对答出色地回答了 “什么生意最赚钱〞这个问题,答案是:投资封建权力才是最赚钱的生意。货畅其流,但利润总有定数。权力就不一样了,有了权力, 封建官僚就可以披着合法的外衣去抢劫。
    ──历史总是轮回

  • 吕不韦白己就是商人,他知道,贸易是人们互通有无、维持生活的正常手段,禁绝粮食贸易、对贸易抽重税是非常愚蠢的行为。虽然品不韦仍旧把商业列为末业,但是. “本末〞并不矛盾,士、农、工、商各有所长,不能偏废。
    在秦国,商人总算过上了好日子,没有税收(请注意,不是低税收,是压根就没有税收),没有劳役,赚钱后还可以用钱买爵位⋯
    ──大起大落太快,商人猝不及防

  • 焚书令的日标,并不是只打击儒家,而是要复活商鞅的愚民政策,消灭诸子百家。
    焚书令致使人显典籍失传,后来,项羽又在秦宫一把火烧掉了官藏典籍,害得后世研究先秦历史只能靠刨死人棺材里的竹简。
    ──用秦晖的话表述就是,西方继承财富,国人火烧财富

  • 权力只对来源负责,这是一个亘古不变的真理。
    ──如何让权力,来源于人民?

  • 赢政在位期间,每年服劳役的人都在两百万以上,有数年的劳役征发超过了三百万人。新中园史学泰斗范文澜先生曾经作过估计,秦统一后中国有两干万人口, 除去 50% 的女性,再除去十八岁以下、五十岁以上的男性和士兵,基本上每个适龄男性都被赢政弄去啃砖头了,连个外贸尾单都没剩下⋯••••

  • 何况老弱妇孺也未能幸免,这么多工程,虽然劳力是免费的、材料是抢来的(强征), 但赢政手下那帮封建官僚要吃喝拉撒,劳力也要吃饭的——这绝不是一个小数字。秦朝农人的田斌、人头税约是战时代六因的二十倍,徭役约为战国时代六国的三十倍;六国贵族则更惨,被赢政悉数迁徙到都城咸阳附近,天下富户亡尽⋯•
    ──暴政触目惊心

  • 有钱的秦朝,只有秦始皇才有幸福:茶毒天下之肝脑、敲剥天下之骨髓、离散天下之子女,以博我一人之产业。

  • 战国是一个高山为谷、深谷为陵的时代,魏国率先发明了鼓风炉,铁器成为制造农具的主要材料。铁器的出现,使得入们以家庭为单位生存。正是这个原因才有各诸候变法一—变家族生产为家庭生产。战国末期,中国终于出现了土地私有制,《史记》 记载,长平之战的主角赵括的父亲赵奢曾去自己的农地上视察耕种,此后,便是商鞅变法“废井田、开阡陌”,把公田分给政于砍别人脑袋的人。

  • 据《汉书》记载,按照秦朝的法令,儿子成人后必须与父母分家,否则全家受罚;于是,贫穷的父母会让身体强壮的儿子先成家,让体弱的儿子入赘寡妇之家, 或者逼迫他们去行商。要知道,入赘、行商,在秦朝是要先被征发服劳役的,那都是送命的活儿⋯

  • 卑鄙是高尚者的墓志铭,高尚才是卑鄙者的通行证。
    ──此话有深意

  • 泰朝,一面是足值的高纯度黄金,一面是残破不全的布币;一面是赢政一人占尽天下之利,一面是无数农人尸骨相枕......
    ──现在回过头去读文言文,《阿旁宫赋》,一定是不同感受啦

  • 胡亥即位当年,有着“鸿鹄之志”的陈胜揭竿而起,引爆了中国历史上第一次农民起义。鼠然后人给了陈胜莫大的荣誉,刘邦以诸侯之礼祭祀陈胜,司马迁甚至以王候之礼为际胜立传,但这位喊出“王候将相宁有种乎〞的农民领袖,最终不过是在赢政的幸福观激励下想做另一个豪政而已。
    ──总结到位,与秦晖有一致的看法,深以为然

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