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UNstudio实习经验分享

再过一周,我就将离开UNstudio阿姆斯特丹总部,到其上海分部了,鉴于上海分部目前还不承担设计任务,因此可以视为我UNstudio参与设计的体验即将告一段落。这个实习,原定3个月,后来被要求延长到了6个月,后来又延长到9个月,现在看来最终大概有11个月——那天一问,发现我的合同已经到了9月份了,赶紧声明不能这么长,我8月得回学校了。

UNstudio曾是我最喜欢的建筑事务所之一,而现在大概之一可以去掉了。在将近一年的工作中,我参与了从学习建筑以来使自己能力发挥得最极致甚至有透支的项目,与UNstudio的互动也从与Ben的访谈,面对全公司演讲到与一众哥们喝酒狂欢不一而足,身在其中地了解了这个自己曾经雾里看花,充满憧憬的,被xw经常举例用来支持他的理论的,被许多人认为参数化建筑设计得最精美的,形象曾经一直很模糊一直搞不清它究竟是个大公司还是个小事务所的——Unstudio。

犀牛
第一个要谈的,是个看起来没什么好谈的问题-基础技术问题。 
在去UN之前,没做什么准备,因为我觉得去UN不正适合我么,要是去个用sketchup的公司我说不定还得练练呢。之前一年在Yale各方面都有很大提高,而且UN前还在MAD干了一段,驾轻就熟的,遂当时自我感觉非常良好,无论是技术还是心态。
结果去的第一天就受到了打击——我发现我不会用Rhino。
此处有可能会引起误解,不过以现在的标准来看,当时虽然已经用了4年的rhino,在xw和MAD都游刃有余,在Yale还教别人用最后还因为这个选上了marchI设计课的助教——刚去UN的时候仍然是不会用Rhino。
原因很简单——我之前rhino的用法都是建用于效果图的模型的,而不是建用于建造的模型的。在第一天,我接到第一个任务,要建一个带有斜坡的部位,我打开亲切的rhino,在空间中画了两条曲线,把这两条线loft,再把它们向下extrude,用地面把它trim掉。后来J过来看,讨论了一下,他便开始建一个示意模型,我发现他的建法是:在平面上画了两条平面曲线,extrude,把得到的面unroll到平面上,在上面画了两条平面曲线,然后把这两条曲线flowalongsrf回到那两个extrude面上,trim,loft。
后来我仔细观察,发现了好多这样的趣味。G2平滑,过渡面,转折面,倒角,如何切,如何连,isocurve怎样才是顺,什么时候loft什么时候sweep什么时候network什么时候patch,均有约定俗成的标准,更nb的是这些东西大家都没人特别提,均是心中有数。过了一段时间后,我也逐渐心中有数起来,于是我也不提了,非常庆幸的是,在心中没数的时候,我做到足够小心,没被发现。
不过遗憾的是,习惯难改,我至今仍然没能适应用轨迹球和压感笔来建模。

语言
老马常说,他跟zaha不一样,众人均私底下不信。其实我觉得不无道理。
这世上有两种建筑师的成功之途,一种靠宣言,一种靠语言。宣言的人意欲塑造一个最震撼的形象和内容逻辑,明确地传达某种观念,一击就要把人拍死,OMA,以及从OMA里出来自立门派的小强们(我说的是小强,不包括Zaha),无一不是宣言派的,这种方式的成功之道,便是用最简单的语言直接呈现宣言本身,也可称是直接将diagram建造出来,给予受众致命一击。而语言派的实践者庞大得多,意图用语言的魅力本身使其超越内容的人大有人在,但成功者极寥。语言派不追求一击致命,却追求只言片语的特殊性和不可模仿性,使其如毒药般逐渐产生效用。Zaha,Forster和安藤似乎不存在任何共同点,不过从这个观点来说,他们征服世界的手段却是相似的——靠的是语言而不是宣言。
从这个概念上来看,老马绝对是宣言派的,他那类似于Zaha的语言并不是真正经过了钻研和磨砺的语言,更不像zaha般有一套完整的时空观念在底层支撑,而是随便弄了一个符合其宣言的工具,即不具有复杂性,也不具有批判性,但是很符合他的宣言——老马的曲面建筑全是有着一个突出意像的简单blob,这个意像俘获甲方,这个blob嘲讽国内做直面的同行们,而这两个都是宣言。老马其实更接近库哈斯。
回说UN,UN态度应该还是很明确的,就是语言。语言这个东西不只是形式,其实它更像是一种信仰,包括结构,空间,功能组织上传达出来的某种近似“潜意识”的固执——譬如UN很固执的一点是,所有不同元素的衔接,都必须渐变,而不应突变。这简单的一个坚持,造就了大量设计中的痛苦,以及最终”UN牌“语言的出现。如尺度的变化,从1米的小pattern立面到4米的大pattern立面如何变?——是用branching, interweaving,intersecting还是overlapping呢——反正绝对不可能是存在一条线,左边是1米的,右边是4米的。在这种渐变的指导下,就会产生许多独特的语言来,最后甚至起点和终点部分都只是附属,主角成了中间的transition这部分了。
许多次聊起Ghery,Zaha和UN这三代非标准造型建筑师的语言区别。Ghery的建筑如同雕塑,他本质上是一个浪漫主义的艺术家,他的建筑属于绘画和雕塑的时代;Zaha的建筑如同一件时尚产品,如时装,珠宝等,她的建筑属于电影和电视的时代;UN的建筑如同一辆跑车,一架飞机,仿佛很木讷地不传达任何感情,但是结果是客观的,冷峻的,酷的,UN的建筑属于电脑和互联网的时代。
因此,我越看他们仨的设计越不相像。

图解
其实有样软件比rhino在UN更重要,那就是illustrator。
有时候你会见到个哥们对着一个复杂的模型重新建了一个简单版本的模型,一问,必定是拿来make2d用的。
UN的diagram全是线图。如果不是由效果图公司,而是自己人做的渲染图,也八成要叠上同样角度下make2d出来的线。可以说,这又是一种如同宗教一般,不明来源的固执。这diagram本身,也便成了UN闻名的除了建筑以外的一样东西。不只设计,公司连人事管理,项目安排,财务报告等事务,都使用diagram来说明,而且都是那种风格,譬如每个项目组都有一个圆,圆心是ben van berkel,然后层层辐射而出,不同的人名填充着不同的层,有的弧长长,有的弧长短,越到外围人越多。
不过UN最著名的diagram,还是那简单的莫比乌斯圈,公司几乎用这个系统去对付过所有类型的设计。最开始是莫比乌斯住宅(两瓣儿),后来发展到奔驰博物馆的三叶草(三瓣的莫比乌斯),最近修炼到了四叶草(Raffles),甚至有无数叶草的城市系统也出现了……正当我们自己觉得很搞笑的时候,奔驰博物馆的那个最粗糙的原始纸模型被MOMA收藏了。
说到奔驰博物馆,这倒像是一个直接建造起来的diagram,但是它的diagram并不纯粹,是莫比乌斯圈的变形,可算是第三手的diagram,因此还是语言nb。某次我被允许进入其项目文件夹,察看了大量原始diagram,看见了所有工程的cad,顺便转了转它的rhino模型,真是有种内牛满面之感啊。

参数化
参数化当然是必备的,但是如同我先前预料的那样,UN对参数化设计持有批判性使用的态度,从这个角度上来说,它比之许多更年轻和先锋的小事务所要保守,虽然那些小事务所开始的时候也许都学的它。
这种疑虑,到了与Ben访谈的时候才略有打消,他认为数字化的最大好处是能够同步地解决若干问题,而不是实现什么复杂性,看来复杂性根本就是一个缺乏意义的命题。
我的前8个月就耗在了Raffles的裙房立面上,最终的成果是3个有几百个电池的ghdef,输出50多个iges文件,当把这些文件全部导进DP时,文件大小超过4G。如果存在着复杂性,那一定是系统的复杂,而不是形式的复杂——我以前认为应当是反过来,一个简单的规则下的复杂形式,所谓“涌现”。但是现在终于体会到,当你要把10万个三维的pattern光滑地排布在某个具有双曲面的形体上并看不出破绽时(也就是使得其形体简单时),你需要多么复杂的系统才能做到。
当然GH和rhinoscript是常用伎俩,但是在UN更加常用,每个人都能用的却是各种自制小按钮,一小段程序或者是几个命令连在一起执行,弄到一个按钮中去,令rhino有时候看起来都不像rhino了。什么依据图片灰度开窗,什么连续屏幕截图并输出到ppt中,什么生成4个对应建筑角度的cp... 不一而足。

协作
UN的最大特色在哪里?自然就在这“UN”上,Ben有一句话,处在目前这个状态的我并不能完全理解,但是能感觉到很nb-就是“我们不但设计建筑,我们还设计这个事务所本身。”
“设计这个事务所本身”的意思,当然不是指设计它的房子,而是它的机制,文化和管理,作为规模较小的公司(100多号人相对于其它行业的公司来说基本就是袖珍了),却以“设计”为理念进行管理,这也许才是UN的真正精髓所在。
仍然回到之前提到的圆圈上,这个圆圈是这种管理的部分体现,也可以说是用建筑设计的手法来构建了一套人员配备的系统。UN的职员来自各个领域,从核心往外,分别有各方面负责人,各学科的专家,擅长各个领域的建筑师等,但是这些人员有时候重合,有时候又在某个领域产生了空缺,某人控制的外围与另一人控制的外围之间有什么互动——这种最令人头疼的问题,竟可通过diagram来一目了然,以便及时调整团队。
更趣味的是,创意和决定由中心向外传播并被吸收的路径可能经过不同渠道,譬如说一个笼统决定“把建筑整体做得开畅一点”,往景观部门传播就是“加大绿化,拓宽道路,提升开放空间“,往建筑室内部门就是”增加通达性“,往立面部门传播就是”加大立面上的开口,使开放区域增大到百分之几“,然后继续往外围传播,负责立面的结构小组会将目标定为”减少支撑体系,将4个连接点减少为3个“,于是就可以开始操作和研究了。
只有这样的配合,才有可能设计出复杂并解决得很合理的建筑,因为在每个人手中,他所研究的问题其实并不复杂。与这种体系相比,国内至少有99%的事务所或设计院的管理看起来就像业余的一样。

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Steve could be pretty thin-skinned when someone prominent criticized the aesthetics of his products. He took great umbrage that Neil would, as Steve put it, “pop off in public like that without coming to talk to us about his technical concerns first.” From that point on he had rebuffed all of Neil’s attempts to smoke the peace pipe. 有趣 He had blind spots, grating behavioral habits, and a tendency to give in to emotional impulse that persisted his entire life. These characteristics are often used to make the case that Steve was an “asshole” or a “jerk,” or perhaps simply “binary”—that odd adjective often used to convey the sense that he was half asshole/half genius from birth to death. These aren’t useful, interesting, or enlightening descriptions. What’s more illuminating is to take a look at the specific ways in which Steve failed to do an effective job of tempering some of his weaknesses and antisocial traits, and to consider how, when, and why some of them continued to flare up even...